1.1 金相检验的主要目的是通过光学或扫描电子显微镜揭示金属及其合金的成分和结构。在特殊情况下，检查的目的可能需要比其他情况下更少的细节，但在几乎所有情况下，正确选择和制备标本都是非常重要的。由于可用设备的多样性和遇到的问题的多样性，下面的文本仅提供那些经验表明总体上令人满意的实践来指导金相学家；它不能也不描述解决单个样本制备问题所需的技术变化。 附注1: 关于各种金相技术的更广泛的描述，请参考Samuels，L。E.， 机械法金相抛光 ，American Society for Metals(ASM)Metals Park，OH，第3版，1982；佩佐，G.， 金相蚀刻，ASM，1978；和范德沃特，G.， 金相学:原理与实践 麦格劳希尔，纽约，第二版，1999年。 1.2 本标准并不旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全性问题（如果有）。本标准的使用者有责任在使用前建立适当的安全、健康和环境实践并确定法规限制的适用性。 1.3 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认的标准化原则制定的。======意义和用途====== 4.1 微观结构对金属和合金的性能和成功应用有很大的影响。显微组织的测定和控制需要使用金相检验。 4.2 许多规范包含关于微观结构的要求；因此，金相检验的主要用途是检查以确保满足要求。金相检验的其他主要用途是失效分析和研究与开发。 4.3 正确选择样本位置和方向将最大限度地减少所需样本的数量并简化其解释。很容易取太少的标本进行研究，但很少研究太多的标本。

1.1 The primary objective of metallographic examinations is to reveal the constituents and structure of metals and their alloys by means of a light optical or scanning electron microscope. In special cases, the objective of the examination may require the development of less detail than in other cases but, under nearly all conditions, the proper selection and preparation of the specimen is of major importance. Because of the diversity in available equipment and the wide variety of problems encountered, the following text presents for the guidance of the metallographer only those practices which experience has shown are generally satisfactory; it cannot and does not describe the variations in technique required to solve individual specimen preparation problems. Note 1: For a more extensive description of various metallographic techniques, refer to Samuels, L. E., Metallographic Polishing by Mechanical Methods , American Society for Metals (ASM) Metals Park, OH, 3rd Ed., 1982; Petzow, G., Metallographic Etching, ASM, 1978; and VanderVoort, G., Metallography: Principles and Practice , McGraw Hill, NY, 2nd Ed., 1999. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 4.1 Microstructures have a strong influence on the properties and successful application of metals and alloys. Determination and control of microstructure requires the use of metallographic examination. 4.2 Many specifications contain a requirement regarding microstructure; hence, a major use for metallographic examination is inspection to ensure that the requirement is met. Other major uses for metallographic examination are in failure analysis, and in research and development. 4.3 Proper choice of specimen location and orientation will minimize the number of specimens required and simplify their interpretation. It is easy to take too few specimens for study, but it is seldom that too many are studied.