1.1 本规范涵盖了通过非实验室方法描述工程用土壤的程序。 1.2 本实施规程还描述了用户根据试验方法中描述的分类系统进行土壤鉴定的程序 D2487 识别基于目视检查和人工测试。应在报告中明确说明，土壤鉴定基于目视-手动程序。 1.2.1 当需要为工程目的对土壤进行精确分类时，试验方法中概述的程序 D2487 应使用。 1.2.2 在这种实践中，分配组符号和名称的识别程序仅限于小于3英寸的土壤颗粒。（75毫米）。 1.2.3 这种做法的鉴定部分仅限于天然土壤。用于鉴定的标本可以是完整的，也可以是受干扰的。 附注1: 这种做法可以作为一种描述系统应用于诸如页岩、粘土岩、贝壳、碎石等材料（见 附录X2 ). 1.3 本规范中的描述性信息可用于其他土壤分类系统或用于天然土壤以外的材料。 1.4 单位- 以英寸-磅单位表示的值应被视为标准值。括号中给出的值是对SI单位的数学转换，仅供参考，不被视为标准。根据实践使用“美国替代”系统识别筛名称 E11 . 1.5 本标准并不旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全性问题（如果有）。本标准的使用者有责任在使用前建立适当的安全、健康和环境实践并确定法规限制的适用性。 有关具体的预防声明，请参见第节 8 . 1.6 该实践提供了一组用于执行一个或多个特定操作的指令。本文件不能取代教育或经验，应结合专业判断使用。并非这种做法的所有方面都适用于所有情况。本ASTM标准并不代表或取代必须判断给定专业服务是否充分的护理标准，也不应在不考虑项目的许多独特方面的情况下应用本文件。本文件标题中的“标准”一词仅意味着该文件已通过ASTM共识程序获得批准。1.7 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认的标准化原则制定的。 ======意义和用途====== 5.1 本实践中要求的描述性信息可用于描述土壤，以帮助评估其工程用途的重要特性。 5.2 本实施规程中要求的描述性信息可用于补充由试验方法确定的土壤分类 D2487 . 5.3 本规范可用于使用试验方法中规定的分类组符号和名称来识别土壤 D2487 由于本实践中用于识别土壤的名称和符号与试验方法中使用的相同 D2487 应在报告和所有其他适当文件中明确说明，分类符号和名称是基于目视-手动程序。 5.4 本规范用于在田间、实验室或任何其他检查和描述土壤样品的地方鉴定土壤。 5.5 这种做法可用于将相似的土壤样本分组，以减少阳性土壤分类所需的实验室测试次数。 附注2: 在有经验的人员的指导下，正确描述和识别土壤的能力更容易学习，但也可以通过将每种类型的典型土壤的数值实验室测试结果与其视觉和手动特征进行比较来系统地获得。5.6 来自给定钻孔、测试坑或位置的土壤样品，如果看起来具有相似的特征，则不需要遵循本实践中的所有程序，前提是至少有一个样本被完整地描述和识别。这些样品可仅遵循必要的程序以确定其“相似”，并应如此标记。 5.7 本练习可与练习结合使用 D4083 处理冻土时。 附注3: 本标准产生的结果的质量取决于执行该标准的人员的能力以及所用设备和设施的适用性。符合执业准则的机构 D3740 通常被认为能够胜任和客观的测试/取样/检查。可靠的结果取决于许多因素；实践 D3740 提供了一种评估部分（但不是全部）这些因素的方法。

1.1 This practice covers procedures for the description of soils for engineering purposes through non-laboratory based methods. 1.2 This practice also describes a procedure for identifying soils, at the option of the user, based on the classification system described in Test Method D2487 . The identification is based on visual examination and manual tests. It shall be clearly stated in reporting, the soil identification is based on visual-manual procedures. 1.2.1 When precise classification of soils for engineering purposes is required, the procedures outlined in Test Method D2487 shall be used. 1.2.2 In this practice, the identification procedures assigning a group symbol and name are limited to soil particles smaller than 3 in. (75 mm). 1.2.3 The identification portion of this practice is limited to naturally occurring soils. Specimens used for identification may be either intact or disturbed. Note 1: This practice may be used as a descriptive system applied to such materials as shale, claystone, shells, crushed rock, etc. (see Appendix X2 ). 1.3 The descriptive information in this practice may be used with other soil classification systems or for materials other than naturally occurring soils. 1.4 Units— The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. The sieve designations are identified using the “U.S. Alternative” system in accordance with Practice E11 . 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements see Section 8 . 1.6 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 5.1 The descriptive information required in this practice can be used to describe a soil to aid in the evaluation of its significant properties for engineering use. 5.2 The descriptive information required in this practice may be used to supplement the classification of a soil as determined by Test Method D2487 . 5.3 This practice may be used in identifying soils using the classification group symbols and names as prescribed in Test Method D2487 . Since the names and symbols used in this practice to identify the soils are the same as those used in Test Method D2487 , it shall be clearly stated in reports and all other appropriate documents, that the classification symbol and name are based on visual-manual procedures. 5.4 This practice is to be used for identification of soils in the field, laboratory, or any other location where soil samples are inspected and described. 5.5 This practice may be used to group similar soil samples to reduce the number of laboratory tests necessary for positive soil classification. Note 2: The ability to describe and identify soils correctly is learned more readily under the guidance of experienced personnel, but it may also be acquired systematically by comparing numerical laboratory test results for typical soils of each type with their visual and manual characteristics. 5.6 Soil samples from a given boring, test pit or location which appear to have similar characteristics are not required to follow all of the procedures in this practice, providing at least one sample is completely described and identified. These samples may follow only the necessary procedures to determine they are “similar” and shall be labeled as such. 5.7 This practice may be used in combination with Practice D4083 when working with frozen soils. Note 3: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facility used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some, but not all, of those factors.