1.1本规程介绍了用于测试机械采样系统、子系统和单个系统组件的偏差的样本收集和统计评估程序。本规程的用户有责任为特定采样情况选择适当的程序。 1.2本惯例无意定义绝对偏差。本规程定义的偏差是机械取样器测试结果的总体平均值与可接受参考值之间的差值。 1.3 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全和健康实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 ====意义和用途====== 这些程序旨在提供用于收集煤炭样本的机械采样系统的偏差估计。机械煤炭采样系统在工业中广泛用于在生产、装运、接收和使用的各个阶段运输或运输煤炭时采集样本。在煤炭质量测量中，采样系统的偏差可能会产生重大的商业和环境后果。 由这些程序确定的偏差不需要是常数或固定值，只能在试验期间盛行的条件下反映偏差。变量包括但不限于采样系统操作、煤炭输送操作或煤炭- 采样特性可能导致测试结果的变化；因此，如果系统偏差不可接受，则纠正原因，而不是对其进行补偿。 单个偏差测试可能无法提供对过去或未来系统性能的有意义的普遍预期，但正在进行的测试程序可以。此类计划可通过相关方的相互协议制定。 用于得出有关偏差的结论的数据受误差源的影响，而不是由采样系统中的偏差引起的误差源。样品处理、制备和分析引起的偏差也可能导致系统偏差的出现。因此，在取样、样品制备和测试时，必须仔细遵循ASTM标准方法，并进行仔细的质量控制。 在所有情况下，测试计划应近似于正常系统操作，而不是偏差来源。当采样系统在任何阶段批量处理多个连续增量时，这一点尤为关键。在这种情况下，系统样本应包括整个批次中的所有煤炭。 由于本规程包括几种不同的样本采集方法和统计程序，因此在进行测试之前，必须选择用于样本采集和统计处理的程序。这并不排除出于替代目的对历史测试数据进行替代统计程序。

1.1 This practice presents sample collection and statistical evaluation procedures for testing mechanical sampling systems, subsystems, and individual system components for bias. It is the responsibility of the user of this practice to select the appropriate procedure for a specific sampling situation. 1.2 This practice does not purport to define an absolute bias. Bias defined by this practice is the difference between the population mean of the mechanical sampler test results and the accepted reference value. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. ====== Significance And Use ====== It is intended that these procedures be used to provide an estimate of the bias of a mechanical sampling system used to collect samples of coal. Mechanical coal-sampling systems are used extensively in industry for collecting samples while coal is being conveyed or transported in various stages of production, shipment, receipt, and use. The bias of the sampling system, in the measurement of coal quality, can have significant commercial and environmental consequences. Bias as determined by these procedures need not be a constant or fixed value and can reflect the bias only under the conditions, which prevailed during the test period. Variables including, but not limited to, changes in the operation of the sampling system, the coal transfer operation, or the coal-sampling characteristics can cause changes in test results; therefore, if system bias is unacceptable, correct the cause rather than compensate for it. A single bias test may not provide a meaningful generalized expectation of past or future system performance but an ongoing testing program can. Such a program may be established by mutual agreement of the interested parties. Data used to draw conclusions regarding bias are subject to sources of error other than those attributable to the biases in the sampling system. Biases introduced by handling, preparation, and analysis of samples could also contribute to the appearance of a system bias. Therefore it is important to carefully follow ASTM standard methods for sampling, sample preparation, and testing, and to exercise careful quality control. In all cases, the test plan should approximate normal system operation and not be a source of bias itself. This is especially critical when the sampling system batch processes several consecutive increments at any stage. In this case, the system samples should consist of all the coal from an entire batch. Since this practice includes several different methods of sample collection and statistical procedures, the procedures used for both sample collection and statistical processing must be chosen before the test is conducted. This does not preclude subjecting historical test data to alternate statistical procedures for alternative purposes.