1.1 本指南提供了用于测试土壤、岩石和相关建筑材料的通用天平和标准质量的最低要求。 1.2 本指南为评估、选择和指定用于测试土壤、岩石和相关建筑材料的通用天平和标准质量提供了指导。虽然“天平”是D18标准中用于一致性的首选术语，但也可以使用称为“秤”的重量测量设备，只要它符合本标准的要求。 1.3 天平的精度要求是根据对整体天平性能有贡献的所有误差源的综合影响来规定的。有意避免了对特定误差源的测量和对与天平结构相关的细节的考虑。1.4 本指南不包括精度高于测试土壤、岩石和相关建筑材料或研究项目或专业测试要求的天平的要求。 1.5 本指南不适用于非分级余额。 1.6 本指南不涉及用于验证或量化处理余额的特定参数的方法。有关用于评估平衡性能的测试的描述，请参见NIST手册44。 1.7 本指南不打算用作购买余额的规范。 附注1: 国家标准与技术研究所(NIST)（前身为国家标准局(NBS)）和国际法定计量组织(OIML)发布了规定天平施工要求和性能指南的标准或实践。ASTM、OIML和NIST发布了标准质量的施工标准和公差。 附注2: 本标准中使用术语“质量”和“确定的质量”代替更常用的术语“重量”和“称重”，以符合标准公制惯例。此外，当提及用于比较或测量其他质量的质量的已知指定质量的一块材料时，使用术语“标准质量”而不是“标准重量”。 1.8 标准做法是，土壤和岩石的质量测量不针对空气的浮力密度进行校正。引用文档中提及此方向的任何内容都可以被忽略。 1.9 单位- 以SI单位表示的值将被视为标准值。本标准不包括其他计量单位。以SI以外的单位报告试验结果不应视为不符合本标准。 1.10 本指南提供了一个有组织的信息集合或一系列选项，并不推荐特定的行动方案。本文件不能取代教育或经验，应结合专业判断使用。并非本指南的所有方面都适用于所有情况。本ASTM标准并不代表或取代必须判断给定专业服务是否充分的护理标准，也不应在不考虑项目的许多独特方面的情况下应用本文件。本文件标题中的“标准”一词仅意味着该文件已通过ASTM共识程序获得批准。1.11 本标准并不旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全性问题（如果有）。本标准的使用者有责任在使用前建立适当的安全、健康和环境实践并确定法规限制的适用性。 1.12 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认的标准化原则制定的。 ======意义和用途====== 4.1 本指南为那些使用与土壤、岩石和相关建筑材料相关的标准的人提供了一种选择特定标准所需平衡的方法。4.2 本指南为那些与土壤、岩石和相关建筑材料相关的书写标准提供了一种方法，用于指定特定标准所需的平衡能力，并以统一的方式描述所选择的平衡。 4.3 本指南为进行土壤、岩石和相关建筑材料测试的机构提供了选择和评估通用天平和标准质量的指南。 4.4 本指南为检验机构提供了评估通用天平和标准质量的标准。

1.1 This guide provides minimum requirements for general-purpose balances and standard masses used in testing soil, rock, and related construction materials. 1.2 This guide provides guidance for evaluating, selecting, and specifying general purpose balances and standard masses used in testing soil, rock, and related construction materials. While ‘balance’ is the preferred term to be used in D18 standards for consistency, a weight-measuring device referred to as a ‘scale’ may be used, provided it meets the requirements of this standard. 1.3 The accuracy requirements for balances are specified in terms of the combined effect of all sources of error contributing to overall balance performance. The measurement of specific sources of error and consideration of details pertaining to balance construction has been intentionally avoided. 1.4 This guide does not include requirements for balances having accuracies greater than those generally required in testing soil, rock, and related construction materials or for research programs or specialized testing requirements. 1.5 This guide does not apply to nongraduated balances. 1.6 This guide does not address the methods used to verify or quantify specific parameters dealing with balances. For a description of tests used in evaluating balance performance, see NIST Handbook 44. 1.7 This guide is not intended to be used as a specification for the purchase of balances. Note 1: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), formerly the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), and the International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML) publish standards or practices that specify construction requirements as well as performance guides for balances. ASTM, OIML, and NIST publish construction standards and tolerances for standard masses. Note 2: The terms “mass” and “determine the mass of” are used in this standard instead of the more commonly used terms “weight” and “weigh” to comply with standard metric practice. In addition, the term “standard mass(es)” is used instead of “standard weight(s)” when referring to a piece of material of known specified mass used to compare or measure the mass of other masses. 1.8 It is standard practice that mass measurements of soil and rock are not corrected for the buoyant density of air. Any content in the referenced documents that refers to this direction may be disregarded. 1.9 Units— The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard. 1.10 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process. 1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.12 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 4.1 This guide provides those using standards related to soil, rock, and related construction materials, with a means for selecting the balance required for a particular standard. 4.2 This guide provides those writing standards pertaining to soil, rock, and related construction materials with a means for specifying the balance capabilities required for a particular standard and for describing the balance selected in a uniform fashion. 4.3 This guide provides agencies conducting soil, rock, and related construction materials, testing with guidance for selecting and evaluating general purpose balances and standard masses. 4.4 This guide provides inspection organizations with criteria for evaluating general purpose balances and standard masses.